In the late 19th century, a brilliant mathematician languished in an asylum. His greatest accomplishment, the result of a series of leaps of insight, was his pioneering understanding of the nature of infinity. This is the story of Georg Cantor: how he came to his theories and the reverberations of his work, the consequences of which shape our world. Cantor's theory of the infinite is famous for its many seeming contradictions: for example, we can prove there are as many points on a line one inch long as on a line one mile long; we can also prove that in all time there are as many years as there are days. According to Cantor, infinite sets are equal. The mind-twisting, deeply philosophical work of Cantor has its roots in ancient Greek mathematics and Jewish numerology as found in the mystical work known as the Kabbalah. Cantor used the term aleph-the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, with all its attendant divine associations-to refer to the mysterious number which is the sum of positive integers. It is not the last positive number, because . . . there is no last. It is the ultimate number that is always being approached: just as, for example, there is no last fraction before the number 1.

Nicolas Bourbaki, whose mathematical publications began to appear in the late 1930s and continued to be published through most of the twentieth century, was a direct product as well as a major force behind an important revolution that took place in the early decades of the twentieth century that completely changed Western culture. Pure mathematics, the area of Bourbaki's work, seems on the surface to be an abstract field of human study with no direct connection with the real world. In reality, however, it is closely intertwined with the general culture that surrounds it. Major developments in mathematics have often followed important trends in popular culture; developments in mathematics have acted as harbingers of change in the surrounding human culture. The seeds of change, the beginnings of the revolution that swept the Western world in the early decades of the twentieth century — both in mathematics and in other areas — were sown late in the previous century. This is the story both of Bourbaki and the world that created him in that time. It is the story of an elaborate intellectual joke — because Bourbaki, one of the foremost mathematicians of his day — never existed.

CHANCE is an accessible study of Probability, Randomness, Coincidences, Uncertainty and Games. Mathematician Amir D Aczel leads you through simple explanations of each of these forces in life, and explains how you can use your new-found knowledge of these mathematical paradoxes to succeed (or at least have the best CHANCE of succeeding) in gambling, poker, love, who will win the next election and how to choose a housemate or puppy. Each of the chapters is short, self-contained and simple so readers can drop in and out, look up a problem or a theory and then go ahead and use it. For all the maths nerds, gamblers and curious people in your life.