Rejects the model of competitive memory, i.e. the conception that collective memories of different groups, especially memories of victimization, confront one another in the public sphere, and eventually one group history blocks other group histories. Proposes a model of multidirectional memory, according to which various group memories interact productively and borrow from one another. In the post-World War II West, a process of coming to terms with the Nazi Holocaust of Jews went on side by side with a process of decolonization and coming to terms with Europe's and America's colonial and slavery past. In this process, the attitude that the Holocaust is unique as a historical phenomenon proved to be harmful and has been increasingly rejected. Discusses a number of artworks, literary works, and films, mainly by French artists and authors (e.g. Taslitzky, Fougeron, Césaire, Schwarz-Bart, Delbo, Rouch and Morin) as well as by some non-French ones (e.g. Arendt, W.E.B. DuBois, Caryl Phillips, Haneke), in which racism and events of the colonial past have been juxtaposed with the Holocaust.