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Introduction to mathematical thinking: the formation of concepts in modern mathematics

Waismann, Friedrich
This enlightening survey of mathematical concept formation holds a natural appeal to philosophically minded readers, and no formal training in mathematics is necessary to appreciate its clear exposition. Contents include examinations of arithmetic and geometry; the rigorous construction of the theory of integers; the rational numbers and their foundation in arithmetic; and the rigorous construction of elementary arithmetic. Advanced topics encompass the principle of complete induction; the limit and point of accumulation; operating with sequences and differential quotient; remarkable curves; real numbers and ultrareal numbers; and complex and hypercomplex numbers.
Dover Publications 2003-01-01 260 pages

The Quantum Theory

James Zimmerhoff,Fritz Reiche
THE old saying that small causes give rise to great effects has been confirmed more than once in the history of physics. For, very frequently, inconspicuous differences be- tween theory and experiment (which did not, however, escape the vigilant eye of the investigator) have become starting- points of new and important researches. Out of the well-known Michelson-Morley experiment, which, in spite of the application of the most powerful methods of exact optical measurement, failed to show an influence of the earth's movement on the propagation of light as was predicted by classical theory, there arose the great structure of Einstein's Theory of Eelativity. In the same way the trifling difference between the measured and calculated values of black-body radiation gave rise to the Quantum Theory which, formulated by Max Planck, was destined to revolutionise in the course of time almost all departments of physics. The quantum theory is yet comparatively young. It is therefore not surprising that we are confronted with an unfinished theory still in process of development which, changing constantly in many directions, must often destroy what it has built up a short time before. But under such circumstances as these, in which the theory is continually deriving new nourishment from a fresh stream of ideas and suggestions, there is a peculiar fascination in attempting to review the life-history of the quantum theory to the present time and in disclosing the kernel which will certainly out- last changes of form, 1 CHAPTER I The Origin of the Quantum Hypothesis § I. Black-Body Radiation and its Realisation in Practice THE Quantum Theory &st saw light in 1900. When, in the years immediately preceding (1897-1899), Lummer and Pringsheim made their fundamental measurements ' of black-body radiation at the Beichsanstalt, they could ba.ve had no premonition that their careful experiments would become the starting-point of a revolution such as has seldom occurred in physics. In the field of heat radiation chief interest at that time was centred in the radiation of a black body (briefly called " black- body " radiation), that is, of a body which absorbs completely all radiation which falls on it and which thus reflects, trans- mits, and scatters 2 none. We may shortly call to mind the following facts. It is known that any body at a given temperature sends out energy in the form of radiation into the surrounding space. This radiation is not energy in a single simple form but is made up of a number of single radiations of different colours, i.e. of different wave-lengths X or of different frequencies s v. In other words, it forms in general a spectrum in which radiations of all frequencies between v = and v = oo are represented. Further, these radiations are present in varying " intensities." We define this term thus. Consider the radiation emitted from unit surface of the body per second in a certain direction ; break it up spectrally and cut out of the spectrum a small frequency interval dv such that it contains all frequencies between v and V + dv. The energy of radiation E^ thus sliced out (namely, the emissivity of the body for the frequency v)
Independently Published 2017-09-16 185 pages

Principles of Roman Law

Fritz Schulz
Im Sommersemester 1933 las Fritz Schulz (1879-1957) an der Universitat Berlin uber "Prinzipien des romischen Rechts". Die Vorlesung war eine Kampfansage an die soeben errichtete nationalsozialistische Terrorherrschaft. Mit ausserordentlichem Mut und dem ihm eigenen Enthusiasmus handelte Schulz von den Elementen der Rechtsordnung, die abzuschaffen die Diktatur soeben angetreten Gesetz und Recht, Freiheit, Humanitat, Treue und Sicherheit. Nach dem Sommersemester 1933 wurde Schulz gehindert, weiter Vorlesungen zu halten. Im Jahre 1934 brachte Duncker & Humblot die inzwischen zu einem Buch ausgearbeiteten Vorlesungen heraus. Ohne Abstriche an der historisch-kritischen Methode moderner Philologie zu machen - und ohne Rucksicht auch auf Fachgrenzen zur Sozial- oder Kulturgeschichte - geht es Schulz darum, das Grundsatzliche, das dem romischen Recht seine bleibende Bedeutung sichert, herauszuarbeiten. Zum nationalsozialistischen Programm gehorte die Absage an die romische Tradition. Hier kam nun der Nachweis, dass das romische Recht im Gegenteil einen unverlierbaren Bestandteil der europaischen Rechtskultur darstellt. Eine englische Ubersetzung erschien 1936. Als Schulz sich 1939 zur Emigration gezwungen sah, erleichterte die gute Aufnahme dieses Buches den Wechsel nach Oxford. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg konnte eine italienische Ubersetzung von Arangio-Ruiz erscheinen (1946). Eine spanische Ubersetzung folgte 1990, eine japanische Ubersetzung ist in Vorbereitung.
Oxford University Press 1936-12-01 284 pages

Wasabi for breakfast: two novellas

Kometani, Fumiko
"Wasabi for Breakfast" reintroduces best-selling Japanese author Foumiko Kometani's uniquely humorous voice to American readers. Kometani is rare among Japanese writers and cultural commentators in that she has lived in the United States for most of her adult life, bringing an outsider's--and woman's--perspective to both her adopted home and her native Japan. She lives her life in between cultures, and mines that gap to provide a thoroughly modern take on both societies. In "Family Business," Megumi, a long time resident of the United States, returns to Japan to visit her 87-year-old mother. After so many years living abroad, Megumi is almost as befuddled by the exotic intricacies of contemporary Japan as a foreigner. When her nephew runs away from home, and her elderly mother gives chase, Megumi sets off on a road trip through modern Japan--and her own past. "1001 Raging Fires" chronicles a Japanese woman living in California during the Rodney King riots and struggling to come to terms with being an outcast from a society that itself seems to be self-immolating. Yu learns the real price of exclusion is that which your own family makes you pay.
Dalkey Archive Press 2013-04-23 202 pages

Justice behind the Iron Curtain: Nazis on trial in communist Poland

Finder, Gabriel N.,Prusin, Alexander Victor
"In Justice behind the Iron Curtain, Gabriel N. Finder and Alexander V. Prusin examine Poland's role in prosecuting Nazi German criminals during the first decade and a half of the postwar era. Finder and Prusin contend that the Polish trials of Nazi war criminals were a pragmatic political response to postwar Polish society and Poles' cravings for vengeance against German Nazis. Although characterized by numerous inconsistencies, Poland's prosecutions of Nazis exhibited a fair degree of due process and resembled similar proceedings in Western democratic counties. The authors examine reactions to the trials among Poles and Jews. Although Polish-Jewish relations were uneasy in the wake of the extremely brutal German wartime occupation of Poland, postwar Polish prosecutions of German Nazis placed emphasis on the fate of Jews during the Holocaust. Justice behind the Iron Curtain is the first work to approach communist Poland's judicial postwar confrontation with the legacy of the Nazi occupation"--Publisher's description
University of Toronto Press 2018 377 pages

Hamlet: fold on fold

Josipovici, Gabriel
"William Shakespeare's Hamlet is probably the best-known and most commented upon work of literature in Western culture. The paradox is that it is at once utterly familiar and strangely elusive--very like our own selves, argues Gabriel Josipovici in this stimulating and original study. Moreover, our desire to master this elusiveness, to "pluck the heart out of its mystery," as Hamlet himself says, precisely mirrors what is going on in the play; and what Shakespeare's play demonstrates is that to conceive human character (and works of art) in this way is profoundly misguided. Rather than rushing to conclusions or setting out a theory of what Hamlet is "about," therefore, we should read and watch patiently and openly, allowing the play to unfold before us in its own time and trying to see each moment in the context of the whole. Josipovici's valuable book is thus an exercise in analysis which puts the physical experience of watching and reading at the heart of the critical process--at once a practical introduction to a great and much-loved play and a sophisticated intervention in some of the key questions of theory and aesthetics of our time"--
Yale University Press 2016-01-01 279 pages

On trust: art and the temptations of suspicion

Josipovici, Gabriel
Is it possible to create art freely today and yet produce works that are more than merely decorative or commercial? asks Gabriel Josipovici in this wide-ranging book. The suspicion that art is both frivolous and deceptive has a relatively short history, he explains, and he turns to works created in "cultures of trust"-Homer, the Hebrew Bible, Dante, and Shakespeare-in order to understand Romantic suspicion.
Yale University Press 1999-10-11 294 pages

Touch

Josipovici, Gabriel
In this new book, a preeminent literary thinker muses over the central question of how we can feel at home in the world, given that the world is independent of and indifferent to our wishes. Drawing on books and films, cultural history and his own experiences, Gabriel Josipovici argues that it is possible to feel comfortable in the world and in our relationships with others only if we value touch over sight, if we respect distance but also work to overcome it. Josipovici moves from a Charlie Chaplin film to passages from Proust, from the world of sport to the world of addiction, from medieval pilgrimages to the cult of relics, from a wedding photograph of his grandparents to some of Chardin's most enigmatic paintings. Through these seemingly disparate topics he provides engaging and wise commentary on connection and communication in life. Contrasting the senses of sight and touch, Josipovici notes that although sight seems to give us the totality of what we behold, it is only when we walk or feel our way across the distances that things become more than images and begin to constitute the world in which we, as touchers and not mere observers, are included. If we depend on sight - which seems to offer a frictionless domination over reality - we may avoid the pains and uncertainties of living, but we also lose our involvement with life.
Yale University Press 1996-09-25 148 pages

Railroads and Regulations, 1877-1916

Gabriel Kolko
This examination of the relationship of the economy to political process in the United States from 1877 to 1916 shows how the railroad industry encouraged and relied on national politics to solve its economic problems, and created a precedent for government regulation of the economy in the twentieth century. The continuity in governmental regulation from 1877 to 1900, in the Progressive Era, and in the administrations of Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson are pointed out. The origin of each major federal railroad act and contending forces is analyzed. Federal regulation of the railroads, probably the most important example of federal intervention in the economy from the Civil War to World War I is used as a key in reassessing the motives behind Progressivism. Originally published in 1965. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Princeton University Press 1965-03-21 273 pages