This milestone extensive work combines the essentials of history – biography, chronology, political and economic background – with the observations, theories, principles, laws and equations that constitute the specifics of science. The 5800-page Encyclopedia arises from the conviction that the optimal perspective on science is through the lens of history, setting aside traditional divisions of discipline and specialty, and rising above geopolitical boundaries. Reaching from 4,200 BCE to the 21st century CE, the Encyclopedia tells (as the author himself puts it) "not only who did it and when it was done but also precisely what was done." The author, Ari Ben-Menahem, surveys 100 generations of great thinkers, offering 2070 detailed biographies of scientists, engineers, explorers and inventors, who left their mark on the history of science and technology. The span of coverage is all-encompassing: mathematics, philosophy, logic, physical and environmental sciences (including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth and space sciences and cosmology), life sciences (biology, medicine, physiology, botany, zoology and biochemistry), associated engineering disciplines, and the social sciences (among them economics, psychology, sociology, anthropology, linguistics and more). The six-volume Encyclopedia also includes 380 articles summarizing the time-line of ideas in the leading fields of science, technology, mathematics and philosophy, plus useful tables, figures and photos, and 20 ‘Science Progress Reports’ detailing scientific setbacks. Interspersed throughout are quotations, gathered from the wit and wisdom of sages, savants and scholars throughout the ages from antiquity to modern times.

"The Nazi Holocaust & the Exile of Yiddish is a history of the Algemeyne Entsiklopedye (General Encyclopedia, Berlin, Paris, & New York, 1932-1966), the only attempt to publish a comprehensive encyclopedia of universal knowledge in the Yiddish language. In the decade after World War I, the potential for Yiddish was seemingly limitless.The global number of speakers of Yiddish was estimated at between nine and ten million, with major communities in Poland, the Soviet Union, and the United States. But by the early 1930s, as Jews were becoming invested in their host states, a dramatic rise in antisemitism from the political right threatened their new status. Extreme nationalists sought to undo Jewish participation in civic life, limit Jewish migration and settlement, and contain - or even purge - Jews' political, economic, cultural, and racial influence. This combination of factors led many within the Yiddishist camp both to reassert their commitment to the language and to a distinct Jewish national identity, increasing the urgency for the Entsiklopedye's architects to embark upon their project. Uncertainty over the Jewish future began to be reflected in the Entsiklopedye itself. The volumes of 1936 and 1937 contain otherwise out-of-place monograph-length entries on the specifically Jewish topics of "Antisemitism" and "Land of Israel," presaging a shift away from general subjects and toward more specifically Jewish content. In September 1939, the German invasion of Poland cut the Entsiklopedye off from its major source of readers and trapped many of its contributors who were based there. Just as the second Yidn volume was being sent to subscribers in Spring 1940, Germany invaded France. Making matters even worse, the copies of the second Yidn volume were sent to the United States, and but most copies were lost at sea. A few volumes that had been sent via the regular mail arrived safely in New York, however. The encyclopedia's editors themselves fled and, after making a harrowing escape via Spain and Portugal, arrived in New York by late summer / early autumn 1940. With the end of World War II and as the enormity of the Nazi Holocaust was becoming understood, the editors decided that the Entsiklopedye should continue. The post-war Yidn volumes contain descriptive essays on Jewish life on the eve of the Holocaust, a study of Jewish life in the Americas, and the last two volumes (1964 and 1966) are historical overviews of the Holocaust. By the release of the final volume in 1966, few of the original editors of The Algemeyne Entsiklopedye were still alive. Many of the great Jewish scholars who contributed to the project had also passed. In the Foreword, the administrator of the Entsiklopedye Iser Goldberg outlined the task of future Jewish scholarship as one of creating a new corpus of work dedicated to the Holocaust. He declared that this project that once was to guide millions of Yiddish readers into the modern world was now dedicated to "the thousands of readers and subscribers in Jewish communities" with the much more modest goal of making "an important contribution to the growing khurbn [Holocaust] literature." By bringing this neglected and unique work of Jewish scholarship back into studies of modern Jewish history, Trachtenberg makes a significant contribution to current historiographical debates on the content and boundaries of Jewish knowledge in the tumultuous middle decades of the twentieth-century. In large measure because of the lack of researchers able to work in the Yiddish language, the significance and history of the Algemeyne Entsiklopedye has been overlooked, despite the fact that it was one of the great (and few) collaborative projects involving the twentieth century's most influential Jewish scholars. This monograph will inform recent scholarly discussions on the function of Yiddish before, during, and after World War II, on the extent to which Eastern European Jews turned away from Diaspora Nationalism on the eve of war, and to what degree Jews in the United States were "silent" in the decades following the Nazi Holocaust"--

This book presents the history of the Gomez, an elite family of Mexico that today includes several hundred individuals, plus their spouses and the families of their spouses, all living in Mexico City. Tracing the family from its origins in mid-nineteenth-century Mexico through its rise under the Porfirio Diaz regime and focusing especially on the last three generations, the work shows how the Gomez have evolved a distinctive subculture and an ability to advance their economic interests under changing political and economic conditions. One of the authors' major findings is the importance of the kinship system, particularly the three-generation "grandfamily" as a basic unit binding together people of different generations and different classes. The authors show that the top entrepreneurs in the family, the direct descendants of its founder, remain the acknowledged leaders of the kin, each one ruling his business as a patron-owner through a network of clienty2Drelatives. Other family members, though belonging to the middle class, identify ideologically with the family leadership and the bourgeoisie, and family values tend to overrule considerations of strictly business interest even among entrepreneurs.

In September 1791, two years after the Revolution, French Jews were granted full rights of citizenship. Scholarship has traditionally focused on this turning point of emancipation while often overlooking much of what came before. In Rites and Passages, Jay R. Berkovitz argues that no serious treatment of Jewish emancipation can ignore the cultural history of the Jews during the ancien régime. It was during the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that several lasting paradigms emerged within the Jewish community—including the distinction between rural and urban communities, the formation of a strong lay leadership, heightened divisions between popular and elite religion, and the strain between local and regional identities. Each of these developments reflected the growing tension between tradition and modernity before the tumultuous events of the French Revolution.Rites and Passages emphasizes the resilience of religious tradition during periods of social and political turbulence. Viewing French Jewish history through the lens of ritual, Berkovitz describes the struggles of the French Jewish minority to maintain its cultural distinctiveness while also participating in the larger social and economic matrix. In the ancien régime, ritual systems were a formative element in the traditional worldview and served as a crucial repository of memories and values. After the Revolution, ritual signaled changes in the way Jews related to the state, French society, and French culture. In the cities especially, ritual assumed a performative function that dramatized the epoch-making changes of the day. The terms and concepts of the Jewish religious tradition thus remained central to the discourse of modernization and played a powerful role in helping French Jews interpret the diverse meanings and implications of emancipation. Introducing new and previously unused primary sources, Rites and Passages offers a fresh perspective on the dynamic relationship between tradition and modernity.

This book presents, for the first time, a detailed transcription of Jacob Viner's Economics 301 class as taught in 1930. These lecture notes provide insight into the legacy of Jacob Viner, whose seminal contributions to fields such as international economics and the history of economics are well known, but whose impact in sparking the revival of Marshallian microeconomics in the United States via his classroom teaching has been less appreciated. Generations of graduate students at the University of Chicago have taken Economics 301. The course has been taught by such luminaries as Milton Friedman and Gary Becker, and remains an introduction to the analytical tools of microeconomics and the distinctive Chicago way of thinking about the market system. This demanding and rigorous course first became famous in the 1930s when it was taught by Jacob Viner. When read in tandem with the Transaction editions of Milton Friedman's Price Theory, Frank Knight's The Economic Organization, and Gary Becker's Economic Theory, Viner's lectures provide the reader with important insights into the formative period of Chicago price theory. These recently discovered notes from Viner's class will be important for historians of economic thought and anyone interested in the origins of the Chicago School of Economics.

In this book, first published in 1961, under the general editorship of Arthur Seldon of the Institute of Economic Affairs, ten eminent writers, economists, philosophers, and a legal authority have set down their views on the principles and policies of a free society in a rapidly changing world. Each has developed his theme from the same material - Professor F. A. Hayek's monumental work The Constitution of Liberty . This title will be of interest to students of history and economics.

Of all the activities of the most neglected century in English History, England's trade has received the least attention in proportion to its importance. It was obviously in the course of the later Middle Ages, and more particularly in the fifteenth century, that there took place the great transformation from medieval England, isolated and intensely local, to the England of the Tudor and Stuart age, with its world-wide connections and imperial designs. It was during the same period that most of the forms of international trade characteristic of the Middle Ages were replaced by new methods of commercial organization and regulation, national in scope and at times definitely nationalistic in object, and that a marked movement towards capitalist methods and principles took place in the sphere of domestic trade. Yet little has been written concerning English trade in this period. First published in 1933, this classic volume goes a long way to fills this gap superbly. There is an abundance of material, and the writers have compiled a statistical analysis of the Enrolled Customs Account from 1377-1482, which provides an essential measure of the nature, volume, and movement of English foreign commerce during the period.

Warsaw. The Jewish Metropolis offers analyses of the cultural, religious, political and intellectual history of Warsaw Jewry, once the leading Jewish metropolis in Europe and the world.

Unless the socialist societies of the East adapt their system to the scientific-technological revolution, as the West has done, they will remain caught in the twentieth century. This is the theme of Silviu Brucan's book on the crisis of world socialism. He contends that these countries are at the crossroads and must make some changes in their political ideology or they will perish. This insightful book written by a veteran communist living in the East, will interest anyone concerned with Soviet studies, Slavic studies, political economy, Marxism, Communism, political sociology, and East-West relations.

Draft Of The Thesis Of The International Left Opposition On The Russian Question.

FOR SEVERAL decades German Labour was the pride and model of the international working-class movement. It led the nation out of the first World War and into the post-war period; it was the founder and...

"Blues for America is a scholar's deft survey of everything that happened between the 1920s and the 1990s-depressions, repressions, segregation, and wars-and the resistance that arose to each in turn, related with surprising wit and an amazingly gracious turn of phrase. And by weaving in bits of autobiography, Dowd has given us much more." --Barbara Ehrenreich

Born in 1879, Eugen Varga became the most prominent Marxist economist in the Soviet Union, referred to as 'Stalin's economist.' As the official theorist of the early USSR, Varga was easily one of the most influential economists of the 20th century, yet his ideas are largely unknown in the West. By selecting and translating--often for the first time--some of his most important works, this volume aims to correct the record. Selected Political and Economic Writings offers a wide and representative selection of his works, dating from his entry into the Hungarian Communist Party in 1919 through to his criticisms of John Maynard Keynes in the 1950s. It also includes the entire text of his Economic Problems of the Proletarian Dictatorship, cited by Lenin as the best work on the collapse of the revolutionary government in Hungary. A detailed critical introduction by Varga's biographer, André Mommen, supplies valuable background detail on the circumstances of Varga's work, contextualising it in relation to political events and the development of orthodox economic theory in the USSR.

'The Conscience of Lebanon: A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr' combines an account of a Lebanese personality with a penetrating analysis of the historical and religious contours of Lebanon. His life is part of the national epic with elements of Christian faith and Maronite sophistication, interconfessional modes of partnership, and violence tearing apart the fabric of social and economic life. Integral to the narrative and incisively unconventional interpretation is the complex politics of Lebanon intermixed with the war that erupted in 1975." "Personal testimonies from Lebanese residents and conversations with others outside Lebanon, who knew Abu-Arz, in addition to interviews with Israelis acquainted with him, provide a dimension of authenticity to the portrait drawn of this remarkable man. Etienne Sakr, with a steadfast ideological commitment to a non-Arab Lebanese identity and political independence, fought the Syrian and Palestinian intruders, and with his Guardians of the Cedars Party cooperated with Israel. While ineluctably embroiled in the inter-Christian power struggles, Abu-Arz acquired a reputation as the conscience of Lebanon, but without achieving a position of power ascendancy. But he was present in the Lebanese Forces decision-making councils, and his own revelatory evidence contributes to an understanding of the agony and divisiveness that characterized the Christian leadership in the turmoil of war. His moral stance was clear and his political judgment filled with foresight, but hispatriots often preferred to ignore his message and marginalize his role.

THE POPULATION OF GREAT BRITAIN This series of studies, of which the present volume is the first, is issued by the Research De partment of The London Press Exchange Ltd., as a contribu tion to the factual background of post-war problems affecting British industry and commerce, and the distribution of British products. no ST. MARTINS LANE LONDON - W. C. a THE POPULATION OF GREAT BRITAIN CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE PROBLEMS MARK ABRAMS PUBLISHED FOR THE LONDON PRESS EXCHANGE LTD BY GEORGE ALLEN UNWIN LTD 40 MUSEUM STREET W. C. i CONTENTS I THE PRE-WAR SITUATION The nineteenth century 7 The measurement of population growth, p. 9 Death rates, p. 9 Migrfajtfn, jx ity Birth rates and repro duction rates 1 1 Changes since the eighties 13 The importance of age composition 4 Economic measurement of population 16 II THE WAR PERIOD i III POST-WAR PROSPECTS 21 IV CONSEQUENCES, CAUSES AND REMEDIES . . 23 Some economic consequences, p. 2 5 Employment prospects inparticular occupations, p. 26 effects on taxation, p. 28 effects on the trade cycle 28 Some suggested causes, p. 30 Changes in fecundity, p. 30 changes in nuptiality, p 3 changes in social values and interests 3 The economics of parenthood 33 Some suggested remedies, p. 34 Laissez-aller, p. 34 repressive measures, p-35 positive measures, p. 36 child allowances 37 The limitations of child allowances 39 V THE FUTURE SOME ESTIMATES 41 Appendix i The new birth and marriage statistics . 46 Further reading 5 POPULATION TRENDS 1911 1961 15,8 ii 1111 1938 1946 1951 -1961 THE PRE-WAR SITUATION IN the summer of 1939 the estimated population of Great Britain i. e., England, Wales and Scotland was 46,467,000. In terms of the worlds total population that was hardly a substantial figure it constituted less than three per cent, of the globes inhabitants and as a national total was exceeded by at least half-a-dozen other units China, India, U. S. S. R., U. S. A., Japan and ESTIMATED POPULATIONS Germany. DECEMBER, 1938 U. S. S. R. U. S. A. . . Japan . . Germany Great Britain Brazil .. Italy France . . 170,000,000 130,000,000 73,000,000 69,000,000 46,000,000 44,000,000 43,000,000 42,000,000 Excluding Austria, Sudeten and, Memel The nineteenth centuty It was the product, however, of 150 years of unprecedented growth. There are no reliable counts of Britains population before the nine teenth century, but it is probable that for several hundred years the number of people in this country fluctuated round the five million mark. Then in the middle of the 1 8th century as the industrial and transport revolutions started Britain on her career as the worlds workshop, carrier and entrepot, the popu lation began to grow rapidly. Between the beginning and the end of the i gth century, in spite of a steady drain of emigrants to the colonies and the United States, Britains population more than trebled. Almost certainly this was achieved, not by any increase in the number of child ren born to the average woman but by a steady fall in the death rate made possible by advances in medical science and communal sanitation. In 1801, in the middle of the Napoleonic Wars, the first census was taken in this country. The returns for Great Britain showed a total 7 population of 10,500,000. By i8ai, after the war and its subsequent depression had been passed, the figure had grown to 14,092,000, and a generation later, that is, at the mid point of the century, it had passed the 20,000,000 mark. In fifty years Britains population had doubled in the subsequent fifty years almost the same over-all rate of growth was maintained and the new century opened with a population of 37,000,000. This appearance of unchecked growth, however, was misleading. In the last decade of the I9th century, although the total population continued to increase, the rate of increase began to slow down appreci ably. The twentieth century, so far, has not checked this new develop ment Britains population continues to grow but at an ever-diminishing rate...

First published in 1988, The Crisis of Marxist Ideology in Eastern Europe states that since de-Stalinisation began in Eastern Europe, the 'dead hand' of institutional Marxism has been eroded by revisionist Marxism, with the turn to young Marx and the philosophy of human emancipation to undermine prevailing orthodoxies. But this revisionism clung to the old socialist dogmas and refused a total break with the system, and the effort eventually failed. The result was the emergence of a dissident counterculture rejecting the system entirely. Independent social movements (such as unofficial peace groups and trade unions like Solidarity) have given this counterculture a major role in Eastern Europe, whilst the ruling elites have responded with confusion. Tismaneanu concludes that the only hope for the anti-totalitarian intellectuals of Eastern Europe is to oppose the regimes with non-Marxist ideas - otherwise they will be permanently reduced to the status of a hopeless, albeit heroic minority. This book will be of interest to students of economics, political science and international relations.

Book by Kalecki, Michal

This collection of essays covers economic issues of the Middle East during both the 19th and 20th centuries. The topics included in the book range from the economics of the export of Turkish labour to Western Europe to the economy of Central Asia and the study of coalminers in Eregli.

A study of Jewish-Christian relations in Assisi in the late medieval period. Inter alia, discusses anti-Jewish sermons by Franciscan friars in the 15th century, particularly by Fortunato Coppoli da Perugia. At his instigation, the Monte di Pieta was instituted in Assisi in 1468 in order to facilitate the passage of banking and finance from Jewish to Christian hands; other anti-Jewish measures were adopted as well. The Jews requested the intervention of Pope Paul II, who stated that all contracts with Jews were valid, but the Jews continued to be hounded by Franciscan preachers. In 1485 the Monte di Pieta and other measures were reinstituted, and shortly afterwards most of the Jews left the city. Pp. 101-213 contain documents, some of which refer to anti-Jewish measures.