The affirming flame: a poetics of meaning
In a dialogue with modern literature, discusses the search for meaning through meeting with the particular. Ch. 10 (pp. 157-185), "The Shoah - Our Ultimate Confrontation, " analyzes works by Andre Schwarz-Bart, Primo Levi, Nelly Sachs, and Paul Celan on the Holocaust, which are "paradigmatic of the absurdity of our time." Schwarz-Bart's novel "The Last of the Just" portrays its protagonist as a "suffering servant" (Isaiah) who suffers voluntarily (including death in a gas chamber) for God, all Jews, and all humanity, during a period of the "eclipse of God." Levi found meaning after the Holocaust via his writing; in "Survival in Auschwitz" he wrote of an Italian civilian, Lorenzo, who represented humanity in a camp environment where there was mainly hunger, cold, and death. Sachs' poetry fused the horror of Holocaust death with a strange transcendence. Celan was torn between affirmation and negation, and "forever in exile"; in his poetry, God was both absurd and divine.