This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1919 Excerpt: ...de cachet " he could imprison without a trial any one he chose. Religious liberty did not exist, the catholic religion was that of the State and was obligatory. There was no liberty of the Press; everything had to pass through the censor's hands, and when unfavorable was condemned and burnt. Laws had remained extremely severe and barbarous especially for the f)eople; for poaching the punishment might be the galleys for ife, even torture was sometimes inflicted. That which increased despotism and helped to.make it odious was life at Court. Kings, since Francis I, had used it as a means of government; in order to render the nobles more docile they had been called to live near their sovereigns at Court. Thus in 1789 about 18.ooo persons were attached to the service of the king or his family. These ostentations employments used up a good part of the public revenue; courtiers received big pensions for doing nothing; there was great waste of expenditure throughout the Court (the king's stables alone cost 7.7oo.ooo francs a year, about 3o millions of today's currency). But what made all this the most serious was that the king, surrounded by a crowd of flattring, frivolous, fops and fripperies, had lost touch with his people: the Court separated him from the Nation. Taxation weighed upon the poor and labouring classes.--The most glaring injustice was in the matter of taxation. It had become intolerable for the population. Direct taxation included the vilain-tax (taille) levied exclusively on the peasants and middle-classes (not of noble birth) and two categories of more recent taxation, poll-tax and the " vingtiimes " (an income-tax)established by Louis XlVand which theoretically were paid by all. But as a matter of fact the nobility evaded paying, a...

"The essays in this book were originally presented by Professor Viner as the 1966 Jayne Lectures of the American Philosophical Society. The relationship between religious doctrines and economic theory and behavior had long interested Professor Viner, and the conclusions he discusses in this book represent years of study. They focus on the role that the idea of providence played in the development of economic doctrines and on the way in which providence was used to justify existing economic and social conditions. The author points out that providence favors trade among peoples in order to promote universal brotherhood; providence also creates social inequality because it is part of the divine plan. Providence designed a world in which commerce was necessary, in which good business benefited not only the individual but all mankind, in which inequality in rank and income was part of the scheme of things. Why, then, the evils of over-rigid mercantilism, of selfish profiteering, of undeserved and hopeless poverty? Professor Viner shows that in discussing such questions the father of the church, the scholastics, the theologians of the seventeenth century, and the philosophers and moralists of the eighteenth century laid the foundations for modern economic thought."- Publisher

Jacob Neusner is Research Professor of Religion and Theology at Bard College and Senior Fellow of the Institute of Advanced Theology at Bard. He has published more than 900 books and unnumbered articles, both scholarly and academic and popular and journalistic, and is the most published humanities scholar in the world. He has been awarded nine honorary degrees, including seven US and European honorary doctorates. He received his AB from Harvard College in 1953, his PhD from Columbia University and Union Theological Seminary in 1961, and rabbinical ordination and the degree of Master of Hebrew Letters from the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in 1960. Neusner is editor of the 'Encyclopedia of Judaism' (Brill, 1999. I-III) and its Supplements; Chair of the Editorial Board of 'The Review of Rabbinic Judaism, ' and Editor in Chief of 'The Brill Reference Library of Judaism', both published by E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands. He is editor of 'Studies in Judaism', University Press of America. Neusner resides with his wife in Rhinebeck, New York. They have a daughter, three sons and three daughters-in-law, six granddaughters and two grandsons.

Jacob Neusner is Research Professor of Religion and Theology at Bard College and Senior Fellow of the Institute of Advanced Theology at Bard. He has published more than 900 books and unnumbered articles, both scholarly and academic and popular and journalistic, and is the most published humanities scholar in the world. He has been awarded nine honorary degrees, including seven US and European honorary doctorates. He received his AB from Harvard College in 1953, his PhD from Columbia University and Union Theological Seminary in 1961, and rabbinical ordination and the degree of Master of Hebrew Letters from the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in 1960. Neusner is editor of the 'Encyclopedia of Judaism' (Brill, 1999. I-III) and its Supplements; Chair of the Editorial Board of 'The Review of Rabbinic Judaism, ' and Editor in Chief of 'The Brill Reference Library of Judaism', both published by E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands. He is editor of 'Studies in Judaism', University Press of America. Neusner resides with his wife in Rhinebeck, New York. They have a daughter, three sons and three daughters-in-law, six granddaughters and two grandsons.

This is the autobiography of George Koltanowski, the greatest showman and promoter that chess has ever known. Koltanowski will be best remembered as an exhibitor, writer, promoter and showman. Possessed with an incredibly powerful memory, Koltanowski would often give exhibitions, playing several games blindfold simultaneously. Strangely, what wowed the spectators the most was not that he would win all the games, even though blindfolded, but that after the games were over, he would recite the complete moves of the games without looking at the board, something which any competent master can do. Being an exhibitor giving blindfold exhibitions is what he was best known for, but it was only one aspect of his chess career. He was also a top level player. He defeated grandmasters Flohr and Rubinstein and drew Alekhine, Fine, Kotov and Keres in tournament games.

Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, Egyptian society has experienced deep changes, consisting mainly in the destruction of its traditional framework and, to some lesser degree, in the creation of modern institutions. This books deals with such developments as the settlement and detribalization of the Bedouins, the dissolution of the village community, the development of private property, the transition from Islamic criminal law to a secular westernized code, the decline and disappearance of the artisan and commercial guilds, the abolition of slavery, as well as urbanization and the beginnings of municipal government.

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After 500,000 miles of free travel, this expert advises how to receive free accommodations, cruises, package tours, and more.

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The first international crisis of the post-Cold War era culminating in war. A timely and indispensable guide to the underlying issues, interests, and passions that erupted in the world's post-Cold War Conflict.

"The Parliament of Animals represents a scholarly treatise on folkloric and literary narratives of animals. Each chapter on such creatures as elephants, monkeys, rats, snakes, dogs, wolves, cats, and birds includes informative introductions concerning the behavior and psychology of these animals and their relationship to their human counterparts. Useful select bibliographies on zoology, literature, folklore and language conclude these introductory comments which are followed by intriguing fables, legends, anecdotes and literary works concerning the animals under discussion. This book is thus a novel approach to the fascinating subject of the depiction of animals in prose writings over many centuries, giving scholarly information while at the same time providing a splendid collection of readable and enjoyable narratives from anonymous or known authors. The reader is easily engaged by this anthologized treatise on animal behavior, intelligence and psychology, and the obvious result is a better understanding and appreciation of both the animal and the human world. It is exactly this all-inclusive approach to animal narratives that makes this book by Boria Sax such worthwhile reading for naturalists, folklorists, cultural historians, literary scholars, and last but not least, the interested generalists."