"What is classical about Classical civilization? In one of the most audacious works of scholarship ever written, Martin Bernal challenges the foundation of our thinking about this question. Classical civilization, he argues, has deep roots in Afroasiatic cultures. But these Afroasiatic influences have been systematically ignored, denied or suppressed since the eighteenth century--chiefly for racist reasons. The popular view is that Greek civilization was the result of the conquest of a sophisticated but weak native population by vigorous Indo-European speakers--Aryans--from the North. But the Classical Greeks, Bernal argues, knew nothing of this 'Aryan model.' They did not see their institutions as original, but as derived from the East and from Egypt in particular. In an unprecedented tour de force, Bernal links a wide range of areas and disciplines--drama, poetry, myth, theological controversy, esoteric religion, philosophy, biography, language, historical narrative, and the emergence of 'modern scholarship.'"--Publisher's description.

Includes two essays:

The first biography of Pericles in a century, written by a renowned scholar and teacher, offers a classical model for today's political leaders. Kagan reminds readers of the fragility of democracy and uses Pericles as an example of the kind of strong political leadership so urgently needed today.

A history of the Holocaust in Greece and of Jewish participation in Greek partisan warfare during World War II, based largely on personal accounts of survivors. Describes the development of events that ended with the deportations of Jews to death camps, from the German zone of occupation (which included Salonika), the Bulgarian zone, and the Italian zone (which included Athens). Although the Allies already knew about the death camps, nobody warned the Greek Jews. Many Greeks, Italians, Bulgarians, and others sympathized with Jews and attempted to help them, but very few survivors owe their lives to Christian rescuers. The best way to survive was to join the resistance. Pp. 127-326 contain excerpts from memoirs of Jewish survivors, including some who survived Auschwitz and other camps, and resistance fighters. Pp. 329-402 contain Matsas' memoirs. He was born in 1930 in Ioannina and survived the war hiding in a mountain village with his parents and sister.

"The Jerusalem of the Balkans is today a city of ghosts. Saloniki or Salonika, as Thessaloniki was known its Jewish community, today barely numbers a thousand Jews whereas from 1500 to World War I the Jews constituted the majority of its inhabitants. Moshe Ha-Elyon and his extended family were part of the deportation from Salonika of some 45,000 Jews to Auschwitz where all but a handful were gassed, beaten, or starved to death during the spring of 1943 to the end of the war. This memoir differs from the many memoirs of Greek Jews. Moshe Ha- Elyon portrays the religious and cultural life of his ancestral community as well as the spiritual and mystical research of his father who predicted, prior to his death at the onset of the war, both the persecution of the Jews and the subsequent rise of a Jewish state in its aftermath. It is the moving story of a teenager who suffered in extremis yet lived to transmit to his family in Israel the legacy of a vanished era. A most informative and worthwhile insight into the inner world of Greek Jewry before and during its destruction during World War II"--

Relates the experiences of Elia Aelion, a Jew from Salonika born in 1918, as told to Fromer and written by her. In 1941 he fled to Athens; in 1943, when the Germans entered Athens, Aelion and his friends left the city for a suburb, where they lived for ten months in a villa whose owner agreed to rent part of it to Jews. In August 1944 they were discovered by the Germans; Aelion managed to evade arrest and to survive until the liberation. Many members of his family perished in the Holocaust. Includes a historical introduction (pp. 3-15) and notes by Fromer. Pp. 145-159 contain appendices, including a chronology of the Holocaust in Greece and statistical information on transports and the destruction of Jewish communities in Greece.

Tracing the growth of ancient biography from the fifth century to the first century B.C., Arnaldo Momigliano asks fruitful questions about the origins and development of Greek biography. By clarifying the social and intellectual implications of the fact that the Greeks kept biography and autobiography distinct from historiography, he contributes to an understanding of a basic dichotomy in the Western tradition of historical writing. The Development of Greek Biography is fully annotated, and includes a bibliography designed to serve as an introduction to the study of biography in general. This classic study is now reissued with the addition of Momigliano's essay "Second Thoughts on Greek Biography" (1971).

"A translation of a biography of the Athenian general Alcibiades by Jacqueline de Romilly, a French scholar and member of the French Academy"--