In Secular Translations, the anthropologist Talal Asad reflects on his lifelong engagement with secularism and its contradictions. In a consideration of translatability and untranslatability, he explores the ways ideas are translated between histories and cultures and the ways religious ideas are translated into nonreligious ones. Translation opens the door for - or requires - the utter transformation of the translated. In search of meeting points between the language of Islam and the language of secular reason, Asad gives particular importance to the varieties of transformations of religious language into the idioms of secularism. He discusses the claim that liberal conceptions of equality represent earlier Christian ideas translated into secularism; explores the ways that the language and practice of religious ritual play an important but radically transformed role as they are translated into modern life; and considers the history of the idea of the self and its centrality to the project of the secular state. Secularism is not only an abstract principle that modern liberal democratic states espouse, he argues; it is also a range of sensibilities expressed in concepts such as "modernity," "religion," and "secularism." The shifting vocabularies associated with each of these sensibilities are fundamentally intertwined with different ways of life. Drawing on a diverse set of thinkers ranging from al-Ghazali to Walter Benjamin, Secular Translations rigorously seeks a language for our time beyond the language of the state

Since the 17th century, Western society has had a turbulent relationship with Reason. Descartes set out to reorganize all his opinions in the light of Reason, allowing, as Pascal bitterly reproached him, nothing else. In the course of the centuries which followed, the relationship with Reason became the object of a vigorous, often passionate debate. David Hume declared Reason to be impotent; Immanuel Kant observed that men suffered from 'misology' as the result of their disappointed expectations from Reason; G.W.F. Hegel declared that the main insight of philosophy consisted of the realization that Reason masterminded and guided all history. The debate has not remained restricted to philosophy. Max Weber, the most influential modern sociologist, was obsessed with the distinctive role of Reason in Western society, and the part it played in engendering industrialism. Social anthropologists have been preoccupied both with the universality and the diversity of conceptual thought. Emile Durkheim taught them to ask why all men were rational, whilst Max Weber taught sociologists to ask why some men were more rational than others. This book brings together the philosophical, historical and sociological discussions of rationality and strives to make clear the underlying issues and the continuity of the debate in the various disciplines.