This volume comprises a collection of ten essays, written between 2002 and 2004, by Teodoro Petkoff, who during the last four decades has been one of Venezuela's most prominent politicians and political thinkers. He is still very active politically; for several months he was the main opposition candidate for his party, MAS (Movimiento al Socialismo), opposing Hugo Chavez in the run-up to Venezuela's general election, held in December 2006. Since 2000, he has been the editor of Tal Cual, one of the most widely read newspapers in Venezuela. First published in Spanish as Dos Izquierdas (Caracas: Alfadil, 2005), this book has been translated by Daniel Petkoff, and edited by Matthew Clark, with a view to introducing Petkoff's comment and analysis to the English-speaking world, as none of his previous publications has been translated into English.

Psychology and Industrial Efficiency. By Hugo Münsterberg. Our aim is to sketch the outlines of a new science which is to intermediate between the modern laboratory psychology and the problems of economics: the psychological experiment is systematically to be placed at the service of commerce and industry. So far we have only scattered beginnings of the new doctrine, only tentative efforts and disconnected attempts which have started, sometimes in economic, and sometimes in psychological, quarters. The time when an exact psychology of business life will be presented as a closed and perfected system lies very far distant. But the earlier the attention of wider circles is directed to its beginnings and to the importance and bearings of its tasks, the quicker and the more sound will be the development of this young science. What is most needed to-day at the beginning of the new movement are clear, concrete illustrations which demonstrate the possibilities of the new method. In the following pages, accordingly, it will be my aim to analyze the results of experiments which have actually been carried out, experiments belonging to many different spheres of economic life. But these detached experiments ought always at least to point to a connected whole; the single experiments will, therefore, always need a general discussion of the principles as a background. In the interest of such a wider perspective we may at first enter into some preparatory questions of theory. They may serve as an introduction which is to lead us to the actual economic life and the present achievements of experimental psychology.