Take A Number: Mathematics For The Two Billion is a book written by Lillian Rosanoff Lieber that explores the importance of mathematics in our daily lives. The book focuses on the idea that mathematics is not just a subject to be studied in school, but a fundamental tool that everyone needs to navigate the world around them. Lieber argues that there are two billion people in the world who lack basic mathematical skills, and this has serious consequences for their ability to make informed decisions, manage their finances, and participate fully in society. She uses real-life examples to illustrate how math is used in everything from cooking and shopping to medicine and engineering.The book is divided into three sections. The first section provides an overview of the importance of mathematics and its role in our lives. The second section focuses on basic mathematical concepts, such as fractions, decimals, and percentages, and how they are used in everyday situations. The third section delves into more advanced topics, such as algebra, geometry, and calculus, and their applications in fields like science and technology.Throughout the book, Lieber emphasizes the importance of understanding math and encourages readers to develop their skills through practice and exploration. She also provides tips and strategies for overcoming math anxiety and building confidence in one's abilities.Overall, Take A Number: Mathematics For The Two Billion is a compelling and informative book that highlights the critical role of mathematics in our lives and the need for everyone to have basic math skills.This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the old original and may contain some imperfections such as library marks and notations. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions, that are true to their original work.

Rapid advances in the physical and biological sciences and in related technologies have brought about equally farreaching changes in mathematical research. Focusing on control theory, invariant imbedding, dynamic programming, and quasilinearization, Mr. Bellman explores with ease and clarity the mathematical research problems arising from scientific questions in engineering, physics, biology, and medicine. Special attention is paid in these essays to the use of the digital computer in obtaining the numerical solution of numerical problems, its influence in the formulation of new and old scientific problems in new terms, and to some of the effects of the computer revolution on educational and social systems. The new opportunities for mathematical research presage, Bellman concludes, a renaissance of mathematics in human affairs by involving it closely in the problems of society.

This book is intended for medical students and advanced undergraduates such as physicists and mathematicians with inter-disciplinary interests, biophysicists, medical physicists, applied mathematicians and others who wish to understand medicine in mathematical terms as well as current mathematical applications in physiology and medicine. The mathematical presentation is clear and self-contained.This book, representing 15 years of work at RAND Corporation and USC on chemotherapy, pharmacokinetics and nuclear medicine, attempts to direct medical scientists towards mathematical aspects of problems in medicine. The book begins with an introduction to compartmental models and matrix theory, highlighting the advantages of the approach. Discussions on how questions in observations and testing lead to multi-point boundary value problems are presented. The potentials of the digital computer in the bio-medical field are examined. A new approach -- dynamic programming -- to overcome clinical constraints is covered in detail. The reader should obtain a broad impression of where future research opportunities in the biochemical field lie.

Mental Chronometry (MC) comprises a variety of techniques for measuring the speed with which the brain processes information. First developed in mid-1800, MC was subsequently eclipsed by more complex and practically useful types of psychometric tests stemming from Alfred Binet. This class of mental tests, however, has no true metric relating the test scores to any specific properties of the brain per se. The scores merely represent an ordinal scale, only ranking individuals according to their overall performance on a variety of complex mental tasks. The resulting scores represent no more than ranks rather than being a true metrical scale of any specific dimension of brain function. Such an ordinal scale, which merely ranks individuals in some defined population, possesses no true scale properties, possessing neither a true zero or equal intervals throughout the scale. This deficiency obstructs the development of a true natural science of mental ability. The present burgeoning interest in understanding individual differences in mental abilities in terms of the natural sciences, biology and the brain sciences in particular, demands direct measures that functionally link brain and behavior. One such natural ratio scale is time itself - the time it takes the brain to perform some elementary cognitive task, measured in milliseconds. After more than 25 years researching MC, Jensen here presents results on an absolute scale showing times for intake of visual and auditory information, for accessing short-term and long-term memory, and other cognitive skills, as a function of age, at yearly intervals from 3 to 80 years. The possible uses of MC in neurological diagnosis and the monitoring of drug effects on cognition, the chronometric study of special time-sensitive talents such as musical performance, and presents a theory of general intelligence, or g, as a function of the rate of oscillation of neural action potentials as

This milestone extensive work combines the essentials of history – biography, chronology, political and economic background – with the observations, theories, principles, laws and equations that constitute the specifics of science. The 5800-page Encyclopedia arises from the conviction that the optimal perspective on science is through the lens of history, setting aside traditional divisions of discipline and specialty, and rising above geopolitical boundaries. Reaching from 4,200 BCE to the 21st century CE, the Encyclopedia tells (as the author himself puts it) "not only who did it and when it was done but also precisely what was done." The author, Ari Ben-Menahem, surveys 100 generations of great thinkers, offering 2070 detailed biographies of scientists, engineers, explorers and inventors, who left their mark on the history of science and technology. The span of coverage is all-encompassing: mathematics, philosophy, logic, physical and environmental sciences (including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth and space sciences and cosmology), life sciences (biology, medicine, physiology, botany, zoology and biochemistry), associated engineering disciplines, and the social sciences (among them economics, psychology, sociology, anthropology, linguistics and more). The six-volume Encyclopedia also includes 380 articles summarizing the time-line of ideas in the leading fields of science, technology, mathematics and philosophy, plus useful tables, figures and photos, and 20 ‘Science Progress Reports’ detailing scientific setbacks. Interspersed throughout are quotations, gathered from the wit and wisdom of sages, savants and scholars throughout the ages from antiquity to modern times.